Colorado Audio Recording Laws: One-Party Consent Rules and Penalties

Colorado is a one-party consent state for audio recording. Under C.R.S. 18-9-303 and C.R.S. 18-9-304, any participant in a conversation may record it without notifying the other parties. You only need your own consent as a participant to record legally.

Quick Answer

Colorado follows one-party consent for audio recording. Under C.R.S. 18-9-303 and C.R.S. 18-9-304, you can legally record any conversation you participate in without telling the other people involved. If you are not part of the conversation, you need consent from at least one participant before recording.

This page covers everything you need to know about audio recording in Colorado, including the legal framework, penalties for violations, exceptions, and how newer laws like HB 24-1130 affect biometric data extracted from audio.

The Legal Framework for Audio Recording in Colorado

Two Statutes, Two Types of Recording

Colorado addresses audio recording offenses in two separate statutes that now carry the same misdemeanor classification:

C.R.S. 18-9-303 (Wiretapping) covers telephone, telegraph, and electronic communications. The statute prohibits interception by "any person not a sender or intended receiver." This is a Class 2 misdemeanor.

C.R.S. 18-9-304 (Eavesdropping) covers in-person conversations. The statute prohibits a person "not visibly present" from knowingly overhearing or recording a conversation without at least one party's consent. This is also a Class 2 misdemeanor.

Both offenses carry the same jail exposure rather than prison time. Recording someone's phone call without authorization and recording an in-person conversation you were not part of both expose you to up to 120 days in jail. The statutes differ in what conduct they cover, not in the severity of the penalty.

What One-Party Consent Means in Practice

One-party consent means exactly one person in the conversation must know about and agree to the recording. That person can be you. There is no requirement to:

• Announce that you are recording
• Get verbal or written permission from other participants
• Use a beep tone or other indicator
• Disclose the recording after it happens

If you are a participant in the conversation, your own consent satisfies the statutory requirement. You can use any recording device, whether a smartphone, digital recorder, laptop, or wearable device.

The "Visibly Present" Requirement

C.R.S. 18-9-304 uses the phrase "not visibly present" to define who commits eavesdropping. This means if you are physically present and visible during an in-person conversation, you are generally considered a participant who can record. However, if you hide in another room or place a recording device somewhere and leave, you lose the protection of one-party consent because you are no longer visibly present.

This language does not appear in C.R.S. 18-9-303 (wiretapping), which uses the "sender or intended receiver" framework instead. For phone and electronic communications, what matters is whether you are a party to the communication, not whether you are physically visible.

Types of Audio Recording Covered

Phone Call Recording

Recording phone calls falls under C.R.S. 18-9-303. As a participant in the call, you can record:

• Landline telephone calls
• Cell phone conversations
• VoIP calls through platforms like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, or Google Meet
• Conference calls where you are an active participant

The statute covers "telephone, telegraph, or electronic communication," which courts have interpreted broadly to include modern digital communication methods.

For detailed rules on cross-state calls and business recording, see our Colorado Phone Call Recording Laws page.

In-Person Conversation Recording

Recording face-to-face conversations falls under C.R.S. 18-9-304. You can legally record:

• Private conversations you participate in
• Meetings where you are present
• Discussions in public places
• Interactions with businesses, government officials, or service providers

The key requirement is that you must be "visibly present" during the conversation. Planting a hidden recorder and leaving the room crosses the line from legal one-party consent recording into illegal eavesdropping.

Digital and Electronic Communications

Colorado's wiretapping statute extends to electronic communications beyond traditional phone calls. This includes:

• Voice messages and voicemail
• Audio portions of video calls
• Radio communications (with some exceptions for public frequencies)
• Internet-based audio communication

Ambient and Environmental Audio

Recording ambient sounds in public spaces does not typically trigger Colorado's wiretapping or eavesdropping statutes because there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in conversations held in public. However, deliberately targeting private conversations from a distance using enhanced listening equipment could still constitute eavesdropping under C.R.S. 18-9-304.

Recording Devices and Technology

Traditional Recording Devices

Smartphones, digital voice recorders, and laptop microphones are the most common tools for audio recording. Colorado law does not distinguish between device types. The legal analysis depends entirely on whether the person recording is a party to the conversation, not on what equipment they use.

Our recommended Digital Voice Recorder.

AI Voice Recorders and Smart Devices

AI-powered recording devices like the Plaud NotePin, Limitless Pendant, and similar products operate under the same one-party consent rules as any other recorder. These devices often transcribe and summarize conversations automatically, but the legal framework for the initial audio capture remains unchanged.

The key considerations for AI recorders in Colorado:

• You must be a participant in the conversation you record
• The device type does not change the consent requirement
• Automatic transcription of a legally recorded conversation is permissible
• Sharing AI-generated summaries of recorded conversations does not create additional liability if the original recording was lawful

Wearable Recording Devices

Smart glasses, body cameras, AI pins, and other wearable recorders follow the same rules. If you are wearing the device and participating in the conversation, you can legally capture audio. See our guide on wearable recording devices at work for workplace-specific considerations.

Biometric Data from Audio: HB 24-1130

Starting July 1, 2025, HB 24-1130 amended the Colorado Privacy Act (C.R.S. 6-1-1301 et seq.) to require separate, informed consent before collecting biometric identifiers, including voiceprints extracted from audio recordings.

This creates a two-layer consent framework:

1. Audio recording consent: One-party consent under C.R.S. 18-9-303/304 (you only need your own consent as a participant)
2. Biometric data consent: Separate written consent under HB 24-1130 if you or your employer extract voiceprints or other biometric identifiers from the recording

Recording a conversation is one thing. Running that recording through voice recognition software to build a voiceprint profile is a separate action that requires its own consent under Colorado's amended privacy law.

Penalties for Illegal Audio Recording

Wiretapping (C.R.S. 18-9-303)

C.R.S. 18-9-303 does not currently single out cordless telephones for separate treatment. Subsection (1)(e), which once addressed cordless telephones, is now marked "Repealed" in the statute, and subsection (2) sets a single Class 2 misdemeanor classification for wiretapping generally, regardless of the type of telephone involved.

Eavesdropping (C.R.S. 18-9-304)

Possession of Eavesdropping Devices (C.R.S. 18-9-302)

Possessing wiretapping or eavesdropping devices with intent to use them unlawfully was reclassified from a Class 2 misdemeanor to a petty offense by HB 23-1293 (effective October 1, 2023).

Civil Liability

Victims of illegal audio recording can pursue civil claims including:

• Invasion of privacy tort claims
• Intentional infliction of emotional distress
• Statutory damages under federal wiretapping laws (18 U.S.C. 2520)
• Punitive damages in cases of willful misconduct

Exceptions to Colorado Audio Recording Laws

Statutory Exceptions Under C.R.S. 18-9-305

C.R.S. 18-9-305 provides several exceptions to the wiretapping and eavesdropping prohibitions:

News agencies may use standard tools and equipment of their medium to report on public and newsworthy events without violating C.R.S. 18-9-302 through 18-9-304. This gives journalists and media organizations broader latitude to record for news-gathering purposes.

Law enforcement officers may listen to recordings or read transcriptions of electronic communications involving a cordless telephone when they come into possession of the materials from a third party.

Good faith reliance on a court order or the provisions of C.R.S. Title 16, Article 15 constitutes a complete defense to any criminal action under these statutes. Law enforcement officers operating under valid wiretap orders are protected by this exception.

Public Conversations

Conversations held in public places where speakers have no reasonable expectation of privacy are generally not protected by C.R.S. 18-9-304. If someone speaks loudly enough for passersby to hear in a park, restaurant, or on a sidewalk, recording that conversation typically does not constitute eavesdropping.

Emergency Situations

While Colorado does not have a specific statutory exception for emergency recordings, the general principle that one-party consent allows a participant to record means that anyone involved in a threatening or dangerous situation can record for safety purposes.

Using Audio Recordings as Evidence in Colorado

Admissibility Standards

Audio recordings made in compliance with Colorado's one-party consent law are generally admissible in court proceedings. The party offering the recording must establish:

• Authentication under Colorado Rules of Evidence Rule 901: The recording must be shown to be genuine and unaltered. The person who made the recording can typically testify to its authenticity.
• Relevance under CRE Rule 401: The recording must tend to make a fact of consequence more or less probable.
• Not unduly prejudicial under CRE Rule 403: The probative value must not be substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

Hearsay Considerations

Statements in audio recordings may face hearsay objections under CRE Rule 802. However, several exceptions commonly apply:

• Statements by a party opponent (CRE Rule 801(d)(2))
• Excited utterances (CRE Rule 803(2))
• Present sense impressions (CRE Rule 803(1))
• Statements against interest (CRE Rule 804(b)(3))

Criminal vs. Civil Proceedings

In criminal cases, illegally obtained recordings are typically excluded under the exclusionary rule. In civil cases, Colorado courts have more discretion but may still exclude evidence obtained through illegal recording as a matter of public policy.

Best Practices for Evidentiary Recordings

If you plan to use a recording as evidence:

• Do not edit, splice, or alter the recording in any way
• Preserve the original file with its metadata
• Note the date, time, location, and participants at the beginning of the recording if possible
• Store backup copies in a secure location
• Document the chain of custody from recording to presentation

Common Audio Recording Scenarios in Colorado

Recording Conversations with Your Landlord

You can record conversations with your landlord as a participant under one-party consent. This is useful for documenting verbal agreements about repairs, complaints about living conditions, or disputes about security deposits. See our Colorado Landlord-Tenant Recording Laws page for more details.

Recording Medical Appointments

Patients can record their own medical appointments in Colorado under one-party consent. This helps with remembering complex medical instructions or preserving a record of informed consent discussions. See our Colorado Medical Recording Laws page for HIPAA considerations.

Recording at Work

Employees can record workplace conversations they participate in. This includes meetings with supervisors, HR discussions, and interactions with coworkers. However, employer policies may restrict recording even though state law permits it. See our Colorado Workplace Recording Laws page.

Recording Police Officers

Colorado provides enhanced protections for recording police under C.R.S. 16-3-311. See our Colorado Laws on Recording Police page.

Interstate Audio Recording Considerations

When you are in Colorado recording a call with someone in another state, the stricter state's law generally applies. If the other party is in a two-party consent state, you may need all parties' consent even though Colorado only requires one-party consent.

States requiring all-party consent include California, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Washington, plus Connecticut for civil-liability purposes. Connecticut's criminal wiretapping law is one-party consent (C.G.S. 53a-187, 53a-189), but a separate civil statute, C.G.S. 52-570d, creates liability for recording a private telephone call without all parties' consent, notice, or a beep tone. Always check the other state's requirements before recording a cross-state call.

Federal wiretapping law under 18 U.S.C. 2511 also follows a one-party consent standard. A recording that is legal under federal law may still violate a stricter state law.

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