West Virginia
Medical Malpractice Laws in West Virginia (2026): Caps & Deadlines
Independently fact-checked against primary sources (last audited August 18, 2026). · Reviewed by the RecordingLaw editorial team. · Law checked current as of August 18, 2026. · 7 primary sources cited on this page. How we verify our legal content
West Virginia medical malpractice claims are governed by the Medical Professional Liability Act, which sets a two-year deadline, a pre-suit notice and screening-certificate requirement, and a cap on non-economic damages that adjusts for inflation. This page explains the current law for 2026, with each key figure traced to the West Virginia Code or a West Virginia Supreme Court decision. It is general legal information, not legal advice.
The Deadline to Sue (Statute of Limitations)
Under W. Va. Code 55-7B-4, a medical malpractice action must be commenced within two years of the date of the injury, or within two years of the date the claimant discovered, or with reasonable diligence should have discovered, the injury, whichever last occurs. This combines a basic two-year period with a discovery rule, so a late-discovered injury can extend the window.
Missing the deadline almost always bars the claim, so the date should be confirmed early with counsel.
Exceptions and Special Deadlines
For a child under the age of ten at the time of injury, the action must be commenced within two years of the injury or before the minor's twelfth birthday, whichever provides the longer period. The limitations period can also be tolled for any period during which a provider committed fraud or collusion by concealing or misrepresenting material facts about the injury. A separate, shorter one-year limitation applies to certain claims against nursing homes and assisted-living facilities.
Statute of Repose
West Virginia has an absolute outer deadline. Under W. Va. Code 55-7B-4, in no event may an action be commenced more than ten years after the date of the medical injury. This ten-year statute of repose can bar a claim even if the patient had not yet discovered the injury, subject to the limited exceptions in the statute.
The Non-Economic Damage Cap
West Virginia caps non-economic damages, meaning compensation for pain, suffering, and similar losses, but not economic damages like medical bills and lost earnings. Under W. Va. Code 55-7B-8, the cap has two tiers, each measured per occurrence. The base cap is $250,000. A higher cap of $500,000 applies to cases involving wrongful death; permanent and substantial physical deformity, loss of use of a limb, or loss of a bodily organ system; or a permanent physical or mental functional injury that permanently prevents the injured person from caring for themselves or living independently.
Economic damages, including past and future medical expenses and lost income, are not subject to this cap.
How the Cap Adjusts for Inflation
The statute provides that, beginning January 1, 2004 and each year after, the cap figures increase to account for inflation by an amount equal to the Consumer Price Index published by the United States Department of Labor. That annual increase, however, is limited so that the caps may not exceed 150 percent of the base figures. In practical terms, the inflation-adjusted base cap cannot rise above $375,000, and the higher cap cannot rise above $750,000.
Because the figures adjust each year within those limits and West Virginia does not publish a single official current-year number in the statute, anyone evaluating a claim should confirm the applicable inflation-adjusted figure with counsel. The cap is also unavailable to a defendant who lacks medical professional liability insurance of at least $1 million per occurrence.
The Cap Is in Force
The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals upheld the non-economic damage cap as constitutional in MacDonald v. City Hospital, Inc. (2011). The court rejected challenges based on equal protection, special legislation, the right to a jury trial, and the certain-remedy provision of the state constitution. The cap remains in force.
Notice of Claim and Screening Certificate of Merit
West Virginia requires two pre-suit steps under W. Va. Code 55-7B-6. At least thirty days before filing, the claimant must serve each health care provider defendant, by certified mail, with a notice of claim that identifies the defendant and states the theories of liability. Served with that notice must be a screening certificate of merit, executed by a qualified expert.
The certificate must state, with particularity, the expert's familiarity with the applicable standard of care, the expert's qualifications, how the standard of care was breached, and how the breach caused the injury or death, along with the records reviewed. A separate certificate is generally required for each defendant provider. A narrow exception lets a claimant proceed without a certificate where the claim rests on a well-established legal theory that does not require expert testimony.
Standard of Care and Who May Be Liable
Under W. Va. Code 55-7B-3, a plaintiff must prove the applicable standard of care, that the provider failed to meet it, and that the failure was a proximate cause of the injury or death. The standard of care is the degree of care, skill, and learning expected of a reasonable, prudent health care provider in the same profession or class acting in the same or similar circumstances.
Under W. Va. Code 55-7B-7, the standard of care and its breach must be established through qualified expert testimony. The Act applies broadly to physicians, hospitals, nursing homes, and other licensed providers and their employees acting within the scope of employment.
Comparative Negligence
West Virginia follows modified comparative fault under W. Va. Code 55-7-13a through 55-7-13c. A plaintiff's recovery is reduced by their percentage of fault, but recovery is barred entirely if the plaintiff's fault is greater than the combined fault of everyone else responsible for the damages. In practice, a plaintiff who is 50 percent or less at fault can still recover a reduced award, while a plaintiff whose fault exceeds 50 percent recovers nothing.
Wrongful-Death Medical Malpractice
When malpractice causes death, W. Va. Code 55-7-5 creates the cause of action, and W. Va. Code 55-7-6 requires the action to be commenced within two years after the death. That two-year clock runs from the date of death, which can differ from the malpractice statute's injury-or-discovery trigger. Because wrongful death is expressly listed in the damage-cap statute, non-economic damages in a fatal malpractice case fall under the higher $500,000 tier (as adjusted for inflation) rather than the $250,000 base tier.
How to Evaluate and Preserve a Possible Claim
If you believe medical care caused harm, request complete medical records promptly and write down the timeline of events while details are fresh. Most West Virginia medical malpractice attorneys offer a free initial consultation and work on a contingency fee, meaning the fee comes from any recovery. No attorney can guarantee an outcome or a dollar amount, and every case depends on its specific facts and the governing deadlines.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the deadline to sue for medical malpractice in West Virginia?
Generally two years from the date of injury, or two years from when you discovered or reasonably should have discovered the injury, whichever last occurs, under W. Va. Code 55-7B-4. An absolute ten-year statute of repose can bar most claims regardless of discovery. Deadlines are strict, so confirm yours with a West Virginia-licensed attorney.
Does West Virginia cap medical malpractice damages?
Yes, but only non-economic damages such as pain and suffering, under W. Va. Code 55-7B-8. The base cap is $250,000 per occurrence, rising to $500,000 for wrongful death or serious permanent injuries. These figures are adjusted annually for inflation but capped at 150 percent of the base (a maximum of $375,000 and $750,000). Economic damages like medical bills and lost wages are not capped.
Do I need an expert affidavit to file in West Virginia?
Yes, in most cases. Under W. Va. Code 55-7B-6, you must serve a screening certificate of merit, signed by a qualified expert, together with a notice of claim at least thirty days before filing. The certificate must explain the standard of care, how it was breached, and how the breach caused harm. A narrow exception applies where no expert testimony is needed.
What is the notice-of-claim requirement?
Under W. Va. Code 55-7B-6, you must serve each health care provider defendant by certified mail with a notice of claim at least thirty days before filing suit, identifying the defendant and stating the theories of liability. The screening certificate of merit is served with that notice. These are pre-suit prerequisites, so they should be handled well before the deadline.
How much is a West Virginia medical malpractice case worth?
There is no standard value. Economic damages such as medical costs and lost income are not capped, while non-economic damages are limited by the $250,000 or $500,000 tier (as adjusted for inflation, up to the 150 percent ceiling). The value of any case depends on the specific injuries, evidence, liability, and fault. No attorney can promise an outcome or amount.
What happens if I was partly at fault for my injury?
West Virginia uses modified comparative fault under W. Va. Code 55-7-13a through 55-7-13c. Your recovery is reduced by your percentage of fault, but you are barred entirely if your fault is greater than 50 percent. A plaintiff who is exactly 50 percent at fault can still recover a reduced award.
Can I sue for a family member's death from malpractice in West Virginia?
Yes. W. Va. Code 55-7-5 creates the wrongful-death cause of action, and W. Va. Code 55-7-6 requires it to be filed within two years after the death. Non-economic damages fall under the higher $500,000 tier (as adjusted for inflation) because wrongful death is expressly listed in the cap statute. Consult a West Virginia-licensed attorney about the deadline and who may sue.
Is there a special deadline for children?
Yes. Under W. Va. Code 55-7B-4, a child under age ten at the time of injury generally has until two years from the injury or the child's twelfth birthday, whichever is longer. The ten-year statute of repose still applies. Do not assume a child's claim waits until adulthood.
Harmed by medical care in West Virginia? Get a free case review
If a medical provider's negligence caused a serious injury, you may be owed compensation, but medical malpractice cases have strict deadlines and special filing rules that vary by state. Get a free, confidential review from a West Virginia medical malpractice attorney. Most work on contingency, so there is no upfront cost.
Updates
Independently fact-checked against the cited primary sources; governing law re-checked for recent changes
Governing law re-checked for recent changes
Reviewed and approved by an editor
The Law Behind This Article
This article rests on the statutory provisions below, held in our own legal record and retrieved from the official source. Tap a section to read the operative text.
West Virginia Code
§ 55-7B-3Elements of proof.In forcecited in 2 of our articles
(a) The following are necessary elements of proof that an injury or death resulted from the failure of a health care provider to follow the accepted standard of care: (1) The health care provider failed to exercise that degree of care, skill and learning required or expected of a reasonable, prudent health care provider in the profession or class to which the health care provider belongs acting in the same or similar circumstances; and (2) Such failure was a proximate cause of the injury or death. (b) If the plaintiff proceeds on the "loss of chance" theory, i.e., that the health care provider's failure to follow the accepted standard of care deprived the patient of a chance of recovery or increased the risk of harm to the patient which was a substantial factor in bringing about the ultimate injury to the patient, the plaintiff must also prove, to a reasonable degree of medical probability, that following the accepted standard of care would have resulted in a greater than twenty-five percent chance that the patient would have had an improved recovery or would have survived.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-09-07 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at code.wvlegislature.gov
Cited in 21 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2025
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Janet Graham v. Sunil Dhar (Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 2022, 33 F.4th 178)“…resulted in” a greater than 25 percent chance of survival. W. Va. Code § 55-7B-3(b). Separately, a plaintiff must also p…”
- Kayla Butts v. United States (Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 2019, 930 F.3d 234)“…longs acting in the same or similar circumstances . . . .” W. Va. Code § 55-7B-3(a)(1); see also MacDonald v. City Hosp.…”
- Callahan v. Cho (District Court, E.D. Virginia 2006, 437 F. Supp. 2d 557)“…1 . 28U.S.C. § 1346(b). 2 . W.Va.Code § 55-7B-3. 3 . The facts rec…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
§ 55-7B-4Health care injuries; limitations of actions; exceptions; venue.In forcecited in 6 of our articles
(a) A cause of action for medical injury to a person alleging medical professional liability against a health care provider, except a nursing home, assisted living facility, their related entities or employees, or a distinct part of an acute care hospital providing intermediate care or skilled nursing care or its employees, arises as of the date of medical injury, except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, and must be commenced within two years of the date of such injury or death, or within two years of the date when such person discovers, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have discovered such medical injury, whichever last occurs: Provided, That in no event shall any such action be commenced more than 10 years after the date of medical injury.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-30 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at code.wvlegislature.gov
Cited in 3 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2025
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Johnson v. West Virginia University Board of Governors (District Court, S.D. West Virginia 2022)“…the applicable two-year statute of limitations set forth in W. Va. Code §55-7B-4.6 (ECF No. 3 6 WVU Medical Corporati…”
- Clark v. Dankwa (District Court, N.D. West Virginia 2025)“…v. Duvert, 895 S.E.2d 76, 78 (W. Va. 2023) (quoting W. Va. Code § 55-7B-4). At the earliest, the statute of limi…”
- Braxton v. City of Buckhannon (District Court, N.D. West Virginia 2021)“…est Virginia’s Medical Professional Liability Act (“MPLA”). W. Va. Code § 55-7B-4(a). As with the claim under 42 U.S.C. §…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: West Virginia Statute of Limitations: Filing Deadlines by Case Type, West Virginia Medical Records Retention Laws (2026 Guide)
§ 55-7B-8Limit on liability for noneconomic loss.In forcecited in 4 of our articles
(a) In any professional liability action brought against a health care provider pursuant to this article, the maximum amount recoverable as compensatory damages for noneconomic loss may not exceed $250,000 for each occurrence, regardless of the number of plaintiffs or the number of defendants or, in the case of wrongful death, regardless of the number of distributees, except as provided in subsection (b) of this section. (b) The plaintiff may recover compensatory damages for noneconomic loss in excess of the limitation described in subsection (a) of this section, but not in excess of $500,000 for each occurrence, regardless of the number of plaintiffs or the number of defendants or, in the case of wrongful death, regardless of the number of distributees, where the damages for noneconomic losses suffered by the plaintiff were for: (1) Wrongful death; (2) permanent and substantial physical deformity, loss of use of a limb or loss of a bodily organ system; or (3) permanent physical or mental functional injury that permanently prevents the injured person from being able to independently care for himself or herself and perform life-sustaining activities.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-30 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at code.wvlegislature.gov
Cited in 4 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2025
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Wilson v. United States (District Court, E.D. Virginia 2005, 375 F. Supp. 2d 467)“…ief and other alleged non-economic losses. See W. Va.Code § 55-7B-8. 4 *471 The MPL…”
- West Virginia Mutual Insurance v. Vargas (District Court, N.D. West Virginia 2013, 933 F. Supp. 2d 847)“…Virginia’s medical malpractice “system,” as exemplified by W. Va.Code § 55-7B-8(d), which conditions a cap on non-econo…”
- Bowers v. State of West Virginia (District Court, N.D. West Virginia 2025)“…onomic loss not in excess of $500,000 for each occurrence.” W. Va. Code § 55-7B-8(b). If, however, a defendant under thi…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Truck Accident Laws in West Virginia (2026): Deadlines & Liability
§ 55-7B-6Prerequisites for filing an action against a health care provider; procedures; sanctions.In forcecited in 2 of our articles
(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this code, no person may file a medical professional liability action against any health care provider without complying with the provisions of this section. (b) At least 30 days prior to the filing of a medical professional liability action against a health care provider, the claimant shall serve by certified mail, return receipt requested, a notice of claim on each health care provider the claimant will join in litigation. For the purposes of this section, where the medical professional liability claim against a health care facility is premised upon the act or failure to act of agents, servants, employees, or officers of the health care facility, such agents, servants, employees, or officers shall be identified by area of professional practice or role in the health care at issue. The notice of claim shall include a statement of the theory or theories of liability upon which a cause of action may be based, and a list of all health care providers and health care facilities to whom notices of claim are being sent, together with a screening certificate of merit.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-30 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at code.wvlegislature.gov
Cited in 50 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2025
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Lorenzo Pledger v. Loretta Lynch (Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 2021, 5 F.4th 511)“…before filing suit, as required by West Virginia law. See W. Va. Code § 55-7B-6. This was in error. As two of our siste…”
- Callahan v. Cho (District Court, E.D. Virginia 2006, 437 F. Supp. 2d 557)“…an action against a health care provider. See W.Va. Code § 55-7B-6(b). The MPLA also prescribes the certif…”
- Stanley v. United States (District Court, N.D. West Virginia 2004, 321 F. Supp. 2d 805)“…lication of rule 15 of the rules of civil procedure. W. Va.Code § 55-7B-6 Stanley does not claim to have s…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
§ 55-7B-7Testimony of expert witness on standard of care.In forcecited in 2 of our articles
(a) The applicable standard of care and a defendant's failure to meet the standard of care, if at issue, shall be established in medical professional liability cases by the plaintiff by testimony of one or more knowledgeable, competent expert witnesses if required by the court. A proposed expert witness may only be found competent to testify if the foundation for his or her testimony is first laid establishing that: (1) The opinion is actually held by the expert witness; (2) the opinion can be testified to with reasonable medical probability; (3) the expert witness possesses professional knowledge and expertise coupled with knowledge of the applicable standard of care to which his or her expert opinion testimony is addressed; (4) the expert witness's opinion is grounded on scientifically valid peer-reviewed studies if available; (5) the expert witness maintains a current license to practice medicine with the appropriate licensing authority of any state of the United States: Provided, That the expert witness's license has not been revoked or suspended in the past year in any state; and (6) the expert witness is engaged or qualified in a medical field in which the practitioner has…
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-30 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at code.wvlegislature.gov
Cited in 12 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2024
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Bellomy v. United States (District Court, S.D. West Virginia 1995, 888 F. Supp. 760)“…59 W.Va. 266 , 53 S.E. 147 (1906). See W.Va. Code § 55-7B-7 (1986) (“The applicable standard of car…”
- Callahan v. Cho (District Court, E.D. Virginia 2006, 437 F. Supp. 2d 557)“…e applicable standard of care in medical malpractice cases. W.Va.Code § 55-7B-7(a). The only exceptions to this require…”
- Elaine Neidig v. Valley Health System (Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 2024, 90 F.4th 300)“…al expert testimony as to the standard of care. Cf. W. Va. Code § 55-7B-7(a) (“The applicable standard of…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
§ 55-7-13AModified comparative fault standard established.In forcecited in 6 of our articles
(a) For purposes of this article, "comparative fault" means the degree to which the fault of a person was a proximate cause of an alleged personal injury or death or damage to property, expressed as a percentage. Fault shall be determined according to section thirteen-c of this article. (b) In any action based on tort or any other legal theory seeking damages for personal injury, property damage, or wrongful death, recovery shall be predicated upon principles of comparative fault and the liability of each person, including plaintiffs, defendants and nonparties who proximately caused the damages, shall be allocated to each applicable person in direct proportion to that person's percentage of fault. (c) The total of the percentages of comparative fault allocated by the trier of fact with respect to a particular incident or injury must equal either zero percent or one hundred percent.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-30 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at code.wvlegislature.gov
Also relied on in: West Virginia Dog Bite Laws: Liability and Victim Rights, West Virginia Car Accident Laws: Fault, Insurance, and Your Claim
§ 55-7-13CLiability to be several; amount of judgment; allocation of fault.In forcecited in 11 of our articles
(a) In any action for damages, the liability of each defendant for compensatory damages shall be several only and may not be joint. Each defendant shall be liable only for the amount of compensatory damages allocated to that defendant in direct proportion to that defendant's percentage of fault, and a separate judgment shall be rendered against each defendant for his or her share of that amount. However, joint liability may be imposed on two or more defendants who consciously conspire and deliberately pursue a common plan or design to commit a tortious act or omission. Any person held jointly liable under this section shall have a right of contribution from other defendants that acted in concert. (b) To determine the amount of judgment to be entered against each defendant, the court, with regard to each defendant, shall multiply the total amount of compensatory damages recoverable by the plaintiff by the percentage of each defendant's fault and, subject to subsection (d) of this section, that amount shall be the maximum recoverable against that defendant.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-09-08 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at code.wvlegislature.gov
Also relied on in: Motorcycle Accident Laws in West Virginia (2026): Deadlines, West Virginia Wrongful Death Laws (2026): Deadlines, West Virginia Slip and Fall Laws: Proving Premises Liability
§ 55-7-5Action for death by wrongful act.In forcecited in 4 of our articles
Whenever the death of a person shall be caused by wrongful act, neglect, or default, and the act, neglect or default is such as would (if death had not ensued) have entitled the party injured to maintain an action to recover damages in respect thereof, then, and in every such case, the person who, or the corporation which, would have been liable if death had not ensued, shall be liable to an action for damages, notwithstanding the death of the person injured, and although the death shall have been caused under such circumstances as amount in law to murder in the first or second degree, or manslaughter. No action, however, shall be maintained by the personal representative of one who, not an infant, after injury, has compromised for such injury and accepted satisfaction therefor previous to his death.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-09-06 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at code.wvlegislature.gov
Cited in 8 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2026
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Jeffery Stanton v. Cory Elliott (Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 2022, 25 F.4th 227)“…d those claims under the West Virginia Wrongful Death Act, W. Va. Code § 55-7-5 to -7. The district court was too harsh…”
- Jackson v. United States (Court of Appeals for the First Circuit 1998)“…9) (elucidating comparative negligence doctrine); see also W. Va. Code 55-7-5 (1994) (stipulating that a wrongful dea…”
- Oveissi v. Islamic Republic of Iran (District Court, District of Columbia 2007, 498 F. Supp. 2d 268)“…8 (2007); Va.Code Ann. §§ 8.01-50 through 8.01-53 (2007); W. Va. Code §§ 55-7-5 , 55-7-6 (2007). 6…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
§ 55-7-6By whom action for wrongful death to be brought; amount and distribution of damages; period of limitation.In forcecited in 12 of our articles
(a) Every such action shall be brought by and in the name of the personal representative of such deceased person who has been duly appointed in this state, or in any other state, territory or district of the United States, or in any foreign country, and the amount recovered in every such action shall be recovered by said personal representative and be distributed in accordance herewith. If the personal representative was duly appointed in another state, territory or district of the United States, or in any foreign country, such personal representative shall, at the time of filing of the complaint, post bond with a corporate surety thereon authorized to do business in this state, in the sum of $100, conditioned that such personal representative shall pay all costs adjudged against him or her and that he or she shall comply with the provisions of this section. The circuit court may increase or decrease the amount of said bond, for good cause.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-30 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at code.wvlegislature.gov
Cited in 20 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2025
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Thomas v. Brooks Run Min. Co., LLC (District Court, S.D. West Virginia 2007, 504 F. Supp. 2d 121)“…ere are no living beneficiaries. (Doc. No. 11 at 7) (citing W.Va. Code § 55-7-6(b)). However, a plain reading of sectio…”
- Panagopoulous v. Martin (District Court, S.D. West Virginia 1969, 295 F. Supp. 220)“…g standards for measuring recovery. The applicable statute (W.Va. Code 55-7-6) provides in pertinent part as follows:…”
- Mosser v. Fruehauf Corp. (Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 1991, 940 F.2d 77)“…or for sorrow and solace in a wrongful death case, see W.Va. Code § 55-7-6 (1981 & Supp.1991) — in particular are…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
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Sources and References
- W. Va. Code 55-7B-4 (medical malpractice statute of limitations: 2 years from injury or discovery, whichever last occurs; minors rule; 10-year statute of repose)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
- W. Va. Code 55-7B-8 (non-economic damage cap: $250,000 base / $500,000 for death and serious permanent injury, adjusted annually for inflation by CPI, not to exceed 150 percent of the base)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
- W. Va. Code 55-7B-6 (pre-suit notice of claim and screening certificate of merit served at least 30 days before filing)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
- W. Va. Code 55-7B-3 (elements of proof: standard of care, breach, and proximate cause)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
- W. Va. Code 55-7B-7 (expert testimony required to establish the standard of care and breach)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
- W. Va. Code 55-7-13c (modified comparative fault: recovery barred if plaintiff's fault is greater than 50 percent)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
- W. Va. Code 55-7-6 (wrongful death: two-year limitation from the date of death and recoverable damages)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
- MacDonald v. City Hospital, Inc., 227 W. Va. 707, 715 S.E.2d 405 (2011) (West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals upholds the non-economic damage cap as constitutional)(courtlistener.com)