Netherlands Laws
Opnames als bewijs in Nederland: artikel 152 Rv
Artikel 152 Rv laat bewijs vrij en de waardering aan de rechter. Wanneer sluit de rechter een onrechtmatig verkregen opname als bewijs uit?
11 min read
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Netherlands Laws
Gesprek Opnemen in Nederland: Artikel 139a en 139b Sr
Gesprek opnemen in Nederland: alleen het opnemen-onderdeel van artikel 139a Sr vereist dat u geen deelnemer bent. Ook de camera en de AVG-grenzen.
12 min read
France Criminal Law
Legitimate Defence in France: Articles 122-5 and 122-6 Explained
What a French court must find before legitimate defence applies: necessity, simultaneity and proportionality under Code pénal articles 122-5 and 122-6.
9 min read
France Criminal Law
Main Courante vs Plainte in France: What a Police Log Does Not Do
A main courante records facts but opens no investigation. Learn how it differs from a plainte in France, and why domestic violence is handled differently.
9 min read
France Criminal Law
Garde a Vue in France: Duration, Rights and the 2024 Lawyer Reform
How long garde à vue can last in France, the 96 and 144 hour regimes, the rights that must be notified, and what changed on 1 July 2024.
11 min read
France Criminal Law
Aide Juridictionnelle in France: 2026 Income Limits and How to Apply
France legal aid explained: the three fixed rates of 100, 55 and 25 percent, the 2026 income and asset ceilings, worked examples and how to apply.
11 min read
France Criminal Law
French Criminal Law and Justice: Procedure, Rights and Records
How French criminal justice works: reporting an offence, garde à vue, legitimate defence, aide juridictionnelle and the casier judiciaire, explained.
10 min read
France Criminal Law
How to File a Criminal Complaint in France: Porter Plainte Explained
Filing a plainte in France: in person, online since 15 October 2024, or by letter to the procureur. Plainte contre X, deadlines and partie civile rules.
10 min read
France Criminal Law
Casier Judiciaire: The French Criminal Record Explained (B1, B2, B3)
How the French casier judiciaire works: what bulletins n° 1, 2 and 3 contain, who sees each one, how to request your B3 free, and how convictions come off.
11 min read
France Criminal Law
Casier Judiciaire B2: Who Really Sees Your French Criminal Record
An employer only ever sees an empty bulletin n° 2. Who receives a French B2, which jobs trigger one, and how Articles 775-1 and 775-2 remove a conviction.
12 min read
Netherlands Laws
Recording and Surveillance Law in the Netherlands: Sr and AVG
Dutch recording law runs on two tracks: the criminal offences in artikel 139a to 139g Sr, and the AVG, which applies from the moment of recording.
9 min read
Netherlands Laws
Recordings as Evidence in the Netherlands: Artikel 152 Rv
Artikel 152 Rv leaves evidence free and its weight to the judge. How Dutch civil courts treat an unlawfully obtained recording, and when it is excluded.
11 min read